One-Person Full-Stack Infrastructure

Why I Don't Use a PaaS

Vercel, Railway, Render — these platforms are convenient, but they come with a few problems:

1. Unpredictable cost: a traffic spike can produce a frightening bill
2. Vendor lock-in: migration cost grows exponentially over time
3. Limited flexibility: running a cron job or websocket starts hitting walls
4. Shallow learning: you stay ignorant of the underlying stack and have nowhere to start when something breaks

A single VPS ($30/month) can run everything, fully under your control.

The Big Picture

Network Layer

• Cloudflare: DNS resolution + CDN caching + DDoS protection
• CF Access: Zero-trust authentication via email verification — replaces a self-hosted login system
• Origin Rule: All traffic flows through CF and falls back to port 8443 on the VPS

Nginx

A single entry point that routes by subdomain:

server {
    server_name tianli.cyou;
    location / { proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:3000; }
}
server {
    server_name dashboard.tianli.cyou;
    location / { proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:3001; }
}
# ... more subdomains

Service Management

Every service runs under systemd:

# View status of all services
systemctl list-units --type=service --state=running | grep -E "website|dashboard|hydro"

# Deploy a new release
cd /var/www/website && bash deploy.sh
# deploy.sh handles: git pull → build → restart

Automation

Deployment

Every project ships with a deploy.sh:

git pull origin main
pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
pnpm build
sudo systemctl restart website

Monitoring

• health_check.py: periodically checks every service's HTTP response
• status.tianli.cyou: a public status page
• briefing system: emails a daily morning summary of system health

DNS Management

# List all DNS records
python3 ~/Dev/tools/dev/lib/tools/cloud/cf_api.py dns list

# Add a new subdomain
python3 ~/Dev/tools/dev/lib/tools/cloud/cf_api.py dns add hydro-new A 104.218.100.67

Cost

$31/month for 24 services — about $1.30 per service per month. No PaaS comes close.

Takeaways

1. systemd is the best process manager — no need for PM2, supervisor, or anything else
2. Cloudflare Free is enough — CDN, DDoS protection, SSL, Access, all free
3. Standardize the deploy script — keeping every project's deploy.sh structurally identical reduces cognitive load
4. Don't over-containerize — simple Node.js/Python apps run fine under systemd; reserve Docker for the cases that genuinely need isolation